I didn't think to check my character's hp after I first tried to take back control of him, because he was clean and healthy when I switched over, and he still seemed to be running around in a lively fashion. It's possible that he "died" (or was somehow unflagged as a PC) the instant I switched over to my minotaur, but that it only registered for the game when the minotaur unsummoned. I'm not running any mods.
edit: Upon trying to resurrect, I get an error report:

I filed it properly, but I couldn't fit every detail from this post in there.
Afterwards I end up on the map of the Daikara with an overlay of the void texture, and I get this when I try to move:

The character is permanently broken; even chosing the "bring me back somewhere else" option on the Plane after restarting the game deposits him on the borked Daikara 5 map. Using the Rod on that map results in this:

rapidly flashing over my screen again and again while my CPU tries to kill itself.